3D-printed immobilized laccase enables efficient degradation of estrone: Mechanistic insights and toxicological relevance
Abstract
Exogenous estrogens such as estrone, frequently found in food products, pose significant risks to human health and environmental safety. By combining network toxicology with a 3D-printed gelatin-based laccase immobilization platform, this study elucidated the endocrine-disrupting mechanisms of estrone metabolites and developed an efficient biodegradation strategy. The network toxicology analysis revealed that estrone metabolites are closely associated with hormone receptor activity and cancer-related signaling pathways. The optimized immobilized enzyme showed enhanced thermal and pH stability and achieved a degradation efficiency of 51.11% under mild conditions (40 °C, pH 4.0, 60 μg/mL laccase). Structural characterization demonstrated that the incorporation of laccase modified the hydrogel microenvironment and improved its suitability for catalytic applications. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed stable binding between laccase and E1 through a combination of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. These findings highlight the potential of 3D-printed immobilized enzymes as a robust and sustainable approach for mitigating estrogen contamination in food and environmental systems.
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