Gold nanoparticles-decorated graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets for sensitive voltammetric determination of tadalafil in biological matrices
Abstract
The presence of tadalafil (TDF) as an undeclared adulterant in herbal and dietary supplements, particularly sexual enhancement products, poses significant public health risks, demanding sensitive and reliable quality control strategies. Herein, a novel nanostructured electrochemical sensing platform based on gold nanoparticle-functionalized graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets integrated into a carbon paste electrode (Au-NPs@g-C₃N₄/CPE) was developed during the current study for the sensitive voltammetric determination of TDF. The sensor was based on the rational nano-architectural design that combines the high surface area and π-conjugated framework of g-C₃N₄ nanosheets with the extraordinary conductivity and catalytic activity of Au nanoparticles. This hybrid arrangement forms a conductive and catalytically active interface, significantly improving electron-transfer kinetics and electrocatalytic oxidation efficiency of TDF. Under optimized conditions, the sensor exhibited a wide linearity range of 1.0 to 100.0 µM and a low detection limit of 0.34 µM, covering the typical plasma C max of TDF of 0.4 – 1.0 µM. The sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity, accuracy, and stability, providing recoveries ranging from 97.00% to 100.87% in Tadalong® tablets and spiked human plasma samples. Furthermore, the sensor retained 91% of its initial response after 60 days, confirming its long-term durability. The environmental sustainability of the developed method was evaluated using the…
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