Evaluation of resistance modulation in MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae using peppermint oil nanoemulsion: integrating antibacterial assays and molecular modeling
Abstract
Introduction Multidrug-resistant urinary tract pathogens, primarily Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , represent a significant and growing public health challenge. The overuse of antibiotics has accelerated the development of resistance, creating an urgent need for alternative antimicrobial strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of a peppermint oil nanoemulsion (PEONE) against clinical multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa , with a specific focus on its potential for resistance modulation and its mechanism of action. Methods Clinical isolates were obtained from patients with urinary tract infections and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined. The PEONE was prepared using ultrasonic emulsification and characterized, revealing a droplet size of 190.21 ± 0.5 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.15 ± 0.021. Antibacterial activity was assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Membrane integrity was evaluated using DNA and protein leakage assays, and bacterial killing over time was measured with time-kill kinetics. Furthermore, molecular docking and 100 ns molecular dynamic simulations were performed against β-lactamase enzymes (PDB: 4EXY from K. pneumoniae , 6R73 from P. aeruginosa ) to identify key bioactive components within the nanoemulsion. Results The bacterial isolates were resistant to Levofloxacin,…
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