Overall in vitro, in vivo, and in silico evaluation of Olea europaea and Ficus carica leaf extracts for antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a critical global health issue, prompting the urgent exploration of alternative plant-derived antimicrobial therapies. In this context, the present study evaluates the therapeutic efficacy and safety profiles of Olea europaea and Ficus carica leaf extracts against multidrug-resistant pathogens, integrating in vitro antimicrobial assays, in vivo toxicity assessments, and in silico modeling approaches. Methods Leaf extracts from O. europaea and F. carica were prepared by solvent-based maceration using methanol, acetone, and distilled water. Their antimicrobial properties were evaluated through disk and well diffusion assays to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against clinically relevant pathogens. Toxicological assessments were performed in vivo using the BALB/c mice model, including histopathological examinations, hematological profiling, and biochemical analyses. A complementary in vitro toxicogenomic screening was conducted using a cell-based reporter assay to profile nuclear receptor signaling and cellular stress responses. Furthermore, computational modeling and molecular docking were employed to predict the possible interactions of selected phytochemicals with E. coli cytochrome c peroxidase. Results Methanolic extracts of O. europaea exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant isolates, whereas F. carica extracts showed minimal…
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