Migraine and risk of all-cause mortality and specific cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Migraine is a common neurological disorder associated with various comorbidities, however its impact on mortality remains controversial. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the associations between migraine and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and suicide mortality. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted up to July 1, 2025, to identify eligible cohort studies assessing mortality outcomes in individuals with migraine. Random- or fixed-effects models were used to calculate pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to explore the sources of heterogeneity. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS: Eighteen cohort studies, including 7,928,722 participants and 49,105 all-cause deaths, were included. No significant association was found between any migraine (AM) and all-cause mortality (HR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.80–1.09, I² = 94.7%), CVD mortality (HR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.80–1.18, I² = 80.6%), or suicide mortality (HR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.98–1.26, I² = 15.5%). Considerable heterogeneity was observed across the studies for all-cause and CVD mortality. Subgroup analyses revealed a reduced risk of all-cause mortality in studies based on physician-diagnosed migraines and in those with a follow-up duration of less than 12 years. Meta-regression analyses identified the migraine diagnosis method…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a meta-analysis, done in people. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid. Reported size: 7,928,722 participants or records.
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