Post-COVID-19 neuropsychiatric manifestations among COVID-19 survivors suffering from migraine: a case–control study
Abstract
Background The burden of post-coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 symptoms has been increasing and is of great concern in patients with pre-existing chronic medical conditions.This study aimed to delineate the post-COVID-19 neuropsychiatric symptoms among migraine patients compared to the non-migraine control group. Methods Two groups, each of 204 COVID-19 survivors, were enrolled in the study after 3 months of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, one group fulfilling the episodic migraine criteria and the other serving as a matching control group. Subjects were evaluated through an in-person interview for post-COVID-19 neuropsychiatric symptoms, including detailed headache patterns and severity, using the visual analogue scale. Results The Frequency of headache during the acute phase of COVID-19 was more frequent in migraine patients (OR = 1.60, 95%CI = 1.04–2.45, P- value = 0.031). The reported significant post-COVID-19 neuropsychiatric symptoms in migraine patients compared to controls were fatigue (OR = 1.662, 95%CI = 1.064–2.596, P- value = 0.025), anosmia/hyposmia (OR = 2.06, 95%CI = 1.164- 3.645, P- value = 0.012), cacosmia (OR = 2.663, 95%CI = 1.145–6.195, P- value = 0.019), depression (OR = 2.259, 95%CI = 1.284- 3.975, P- value = 0.004), anxiety (OR = 3.267, 95%CI = 1.747- 6.108, P- value ≤ 0.001), insomnia (OR = 2.203, 95%CI = 1.298- 3.739, P- value = 0.003), and headache (OR = 3.148, 95%CI = 1.616–6.136, P- value = ≤ 0.001).While…
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