Efficacy of Remote Electrical Neuromodulation (REN) on Migraine-Induced Neuronal Activity: A Systematic Review
Abstract
ABSTRACT This systematic review evaluated the efficacy of Remote Electrical str Neuromodulation (REN) in migraine-induced neuronal activity. A PubMed and Google Scholar search identified studies published between 2007 and 2025. Inclusion criteria focused on randomized controlled trials, open-label studies, and real-world observational studies that evaluated REN for migraine treatment. Duplicate reports and studies with insufficient information were excluded. Data extraction and quality assessment followed preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The results showed that 10 peer-reviewed studies were included (4 Randomized Controlled Trials [RCTs], 4 open-label studies, and 2 real-world observational studies). REN demonstrated significant improvements in pain freedom and pain relief at 2 hours compared to placebo (pain freedom: 41-46% vs. 20-25%, pain relief: 59-67% vs. 35-42%). Patients treated with REN also showed significant reductions in migraine attacks and improved daily functioning. REN was well-tolerated, with minimal side effects, primarily mild local paresthesia or skin sensitivity. The majority of RCTs had low risk of bias, though observational studies exhibited a higher risk. It was concluded that REN may serve as a valuable nonpharmacologic option for migraine management.
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a systematic review, done in people. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid.
Read the paper
Related studies
- Calcium Ions in the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous System
- AI-powered in silico twins: redefining precision medicine through simulation, personalization, and predictive healthcare
- In silico functional, structural and pathogenicity analysis of missense single nucleotide polymorphisms in human MCM6 gene
- In Silico drug repurposing pipeline using deep learning and structure based approaches in epilepsy
- Targeting serotonin receptors with phytochemicals – an in-silico study
- In silico exploration of anti-prostate cancer compounds from differential expressed genes
Go deeper in Evidence Hub
Evidence Hub adds a study data sheet (design, sample size, evidence level, key numbers), an AI summary and a chat grounded in the paper's text.