Macrophages and iNOS contribute to the effects of dural prolactin and repeated stress in mouse migraine models
Abstract
Abstract Background Migraine impacts 15% of the global population, predominantly women. Previous studies have shown a role for prolactin in animal migraine models induced by either stimulation of the dura mater or repeated stress exposure. However, the site of prolactin action is not fully known nor are its downstream mechanisms. This study investigated the potential downstream mechanisms and the cell types involved in prolactin- and repeated stress-induced migraine-like responses. Methods Two preclinical migraine models were used in this study, dural stimulation and repeated restraint stress. Dural injections in mice enabled drug delivery to the dura mater through the intersection of the lambdoidal and sagittal sutures. Additionally, a model of repeated stress-induced periorbital hypersensitivity and priming to a subthreshold nitric oxide donor was used. Von Frey filaments were used to measure periorbital mechanical thresholds before and after dural administration of prolactin or stress. Results Conditional knockout of prolactin receptors in Nav1.8-expressing sensory neurons partially but significantly blocked the periorbital hypersensitivity caused by dural application of prolactin (0.5 µg) to female mice. Depletion of macrophages using clodronate liposome injections before dural prolactin significantly blocked the prolactin responses. The inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor AR-C102222 (ARC; 15 mg/kg) significantly blocked the dural prolactin-induced…
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