Neuroprotective and Anti-Migraine Potential of Piper Betel: A Multi Dimensional Study Involving In Vitro, In Silico Studies
Abstract
Migraine is a complex neurovascular disorder associated with oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, trigeminovascular activation, and neuronal hyperexcitability. The present study evaluated the potential neuroprotective and anti-migraine properties of ethanolic extract of Piper betle leaves (PBLEE) using integrated in vitro and in silico approaches. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, glycosides, steroids, and saponins, indicating a diverse phytochemical profile with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. GC–MS analysis identified several bioactive constituents, including eugenol, hydroxychavicol, methyl eugenol, βcaryophyllene, and phytol. ADME evaluation indicated favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics for selected constituents, including gastrointestinal absorption and potential blood–brain barrier permeability, supporting their possible central nervous system activity. The antioxidant potential of PBLEE was demonstrated by DPPH free-radical scavenging activity, suggesting its ability to counteract oxidative stress implicated in migraine pathogenesis. Molecular docking was subsequently performed against the selected target protein (PDB ID: 3N7P).
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