Comprehensive analysis of the impact of extraction methods on the volatile organic compounds and flavor profiles of Piper nigrum L. varieties
Abstract
This study compared the effects of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UE), Soxhlet extraction (SE), and steam distillation (SD) on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and flavor profiles of Piper nigrum L. varieties (Vietnamese pepper, VP; Kampot pepper, KP; Dapo pepper, DP). Using electronic nose, GC-MS, and UPLC analyses, UE showed superior retention of VOC diversity and aromatic complexity, while SE maximized piperine retention (e.g., 4551.35 mg/100 g in VP). SD reduced inter-varietal flavor differences, homogenizing volatile characteristics. Despite methodological variations, key aromatic traits of pepper varieties remained distinguishable. KP processed via UE exhibited the highest terpene content (2503.22 mg/100 g), highlighting its aromatic potential. GC-MS data enabled accurate classification of extraction-based flavor profiles via orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. Nine odorants were identified using odor activity value (OAV) and variable importance in projection (VIP). This study provides insight into method-driven flavor differentiation, VOC characterization, and guides strategies for pepper product development.
Read the paper
Related studies
- Meta-analysis and the science of research synthesis
- Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial
- Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
- Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial
- Disease Free Survival and Local Recurrence for Laparoscopic Resection Compared to Open Resection of Stage II-III Rectal Cancer: Follow up Results of the ACOSOG Z6051 Randomized Controlled Trial
- The effects of a course of intranasal oxytocin on social behaviors in youth diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial
Go deeper in Evidence Hub
Evidence Hub adds a study data sheet (design, sample size, evidence level, key numbers), an AI summary and a chat grounded in the paper's text.