Genomic investigation of Lactococcus formosensis , Lactococcus garvieae , and Lactococcus petauri reveals differences in species distribution by human and animal sources
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lactococcus garvieae is a fish pathogen that can cause diseases in humans and cows. Two genetically related species, Lactococcus formosensis and Lactococcus petauri , may be misidentified as L. garvieae . It is unclear if these species differ in host specificity and virulence genes. This study analyzed the genomes of 120 L . petauri , 53 L . formosensis , and 39 L . garvieae isolates from various sources. The genetic diversity and virulence gene content of these isolates were compared. The results showed that 77 isolates previously reported as L. garvieae were actually L. formosensis or L. petauri . The distribution of the three species varied across different collection sources, with L. petauri being predominant in human infections, human fecal sources, and rainbow trout, while L. formosensis was more common in bovine isolates. The genetic diversity of isolates within each species was high and similar. Using a genomic clustering method, L. petauri , L. formosensis , and L. garvieae were divided into 45, 22, and 13 clusters, respectively. Most rainbow trout and human isolates of L. petauri belonged to different clusters, while L. formosensis isolates from bovine and human sources were also segregated into separate clusters. In L. garvieae , most human isolates were grouped into three clusters that also included isolates from food or other sources. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination revealed the differential association of 15 virulence genes, including 14…
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