Impact of Animal Causing Air and Water Pollution on the Incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease in Urban Populations
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a growing international health problem, whose occurrence is exacerbated in thriving urban centers. The renal pathology is becoming associated with a host of environmental hazards, especially air and water pollution, which are chronically present in the urban population. This paper presents a combined, quantitative evaluation of the association between long-term environmental exposure and the incidence of CKD among a particular urban cohort. We employed a cross-sectional study design; whereby anonymized medical records of patients and CKD diagnosis were correlated to 5 years of high-resolution environmental monitoring performance. The analysis was based on indicators of air pollution (PM 2.5, NO2) and water quality parameters (major and minor metals, and contaminants) of the patient-living areas. A multivariate logistic regression model was used using the Fuzzy Logic Inference Model to adjust socio-demographic and conventional clinical confounders to enable the isolated identification of environmental risk. The results indicate that both air and water contaminants have a statistically significant and synergistic relationship: a high chronic exposure to both air and water contaminants significantly increases the likelihood of getting CKD. In particular, the overall exposure impact was observed to be higher than the aggregate risk of individual pollutants. Furthermore, the role of animals in contributing to both air and water pollution, through…
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Evidence Hub reads this as a cross-sectional, done in people. Its evidence level is 4 of 5 (Low · observational). Observational designs can show an association but not prove cause.
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