Awareness and Behavioral Determinants of Passive Smoking and Vaping Among Youth in Larkana: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
Background: Passive smoking and vaping represent growing public health concerns, particularly among adolescents and young adults in developing countries where awareness does not consistently translate into behavioral change. Objective: To assess awareness, behavioral patterns, and psychosocial determinants of passive smoking and vaping among youth in Larkana, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to August 2025 among 408 participants aged 12–25 years using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, t-tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression were applied to evaluate associations between demographic factors, awareness, and behavioral outcomes. Results: Awareness of passive smoking (81.9%) and vaping risks (83.6%) was high; however, significant gender differences in exposure were observed (χ²=28.338, p<0.001), along with age-related differences in exposure location (F=5.825, p<0.001). Peer pressure emerged as a significant predictor of vaping beliefs (OR=2.053, p=0.002), while awareness campaigns showed no significant association with improved knowledge (r=-0.024, p=0.631). Interpersonal discussions with parents or teachers significantly improved awareness (t=2.185, p=0.029). Effect sizes were small, and regression models demonstrated limited explanatory power (R²=0.04). Conclusion: Despite high awareness, behavioral outcomes remain suboptimal due to strong social influences. Interventions should focus on peer dynamics,…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a cross-sectional, done in people. Its evidence level is 4 of 5 (Low · observational). Observational designs can show an association but not prove cause.
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