The Effects of Tobacco 21 Laws on Smoking and Vaping: Evidence from Panel Data and Biomarkers
Abstract
We use data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco Use and Health (PATH), a longitudinal data set including self-reported and biomarker measures of tobacco use, to examine the effects of state-level tobacco 21 (T21) laws on smoking and vaping.T21 laws reduce self-reported cigarette smoking among 18-to-20 year olds, concentrated in males.Initial non-users who "age-out" of treatment are less likely to subsequently initiate self-reported smoking or vaping.Treated smokers are less likely to buy their own cigarettes and more likely to buy cigarettes in a different state.Biomarker results are mixed, and we find some evidence of a reduction in nicotine exposure but less evidence for a reduction in exposure to tobacco.Finally, we test for non-classical measurement error.T21 laws reduce the probability that clinically identified likely cigarette smokers self-report as smokers, which may increase the apparent effect of T21 laws on cigarette smoking as measured by self-reports.
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