Influence of passive smoking on the onset of Legg-Calvè-Perthes disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
The relationship between passive smoking and the onset of Legg-Calvè-Perthes disease is still controversial. Therefore, we conducted the study to systematically evaluate and analyze the relationship. A comprehensive search was conducted. Meta-analysis was performed with RevMan 5.3 software, with the odds ratio as the effect size. Eight English articles with a total of 1379 Legg-Calvè-Perthes disease patients were eventually included. Passive smoking type of family members smoking in indoor (odds ratio = 2.53), paternal smoking (odds ratio = 2.76), maternal smoking (odds ratio = 2.02), maternal smoking during pregnancy (odds ratio = 1.68), using stove indoor (odds ratio = 2.56) are statistically significant (P 20 per day) and the type of maternal smoking during pregnancy (odds ratio = 1.36, for 1–9 per day; odds ratio = 2.02, for ≥10 per day) may show a dose-effect relationship. Passive smoking is a risk factor for the onset of Legg-Calvè-Perthes disease, but the specific types of passive smoking (haze, etc.), dose, dose-effect relationship, regional confounding, pathological mechanisms, etc. also require clinicians and researchers to continue exploring.
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a meta-analysis. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid.
Read the paper
Related studies
- Tobacco and COPD: presenting the World Health Organization (WHO) Tobacco Knowledge Summary
- Comparative effects of e-cigarette smoking on periodontal status, salivary pH, and cotinine levels
- Association between exposure to environmental pollutants and increased oral health risks, a comprehensive review
- Influence of gestational window on offspring vascular health in rodents with in utero exposure to electronic cigarettes
- Natural products as kinase inhibitors in lung cancer: molecular mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and clinical trials
- Nicotine in electronic cigarettes
Go deeper in Evidence Hub
Evidence Hub adds a study data sheet (design, sample size, evidence level, key numbers), an AI summary and a chat grounded in the paper's text.