The Effect of Smoking and Vaping on Oral Health a Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Objective: This meta-analysis investigates the effects of smoking and vaping on oral health, focusing on periodontal disease, tooth loss, oral cancer, and
other oral conditions. The aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact these habits have on oral health outcomes.
Methods: We systematically reviewed studies published up to 2025 and included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and cross-sectional
studies that assessed smoking and vaping’s effects on oral health. A random-effects model was employed to analyze pooled odds ratios for each outcome.
Results: Our analysis included 42 studies, with a total of 45,000 participants. Smoking was strongly associated with periodontal disease (odds ratio [OR] =
2.5), tooth loss (OR = 3.0), and oral cancer (OR = 3.8). Vaping showed a moderate, though significant, association with periodontal disease (OR = 1.7) and
gum recession (OR = 1.5), with evidence still emerging on its long-term effects.
Conclusion: Smoking remains a major risk factor for oral health, with vaping posing emerging risks. Further studies are necessary to understand the full
implications of vaping on oral health, especially over the long term.
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a meta-analysis, done in people. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid. Reported size: 45,000 participants or records.
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