Evaluation after delayed and repeated intervention in the VIPVIZA-extended randomized controlled trial: beneficial results 6 years after baseline
Abstract
Abstract Aims The Västerbotten Intervention Programme VIsualiZation of subclinical Atherosclerosis (VIPVIZA) pragmatic randomized controlled trial (RCT) previously reported reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk 3 years after colour-coded information about subclinical atherosclerosis based on carotid ultrasonography and facilitated by nurse-led motivational dialogue. This report evaluated the development of CVD risk and clinical risk factors following the 3-year follow-up, at which point the control group received their first delayed intervention and the intervention group received a repeated VIPVIZA intervention. Methods and results Participants (n = 3532) were recruited during 2013–2016 and randomized into two groups. Routine primary care managed preventive treatments. At the 6-year follow-up, group differences in CVD risk factors, the European Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation 2 (SCORE2), and Framingham Risk Score (FRS) were statistically tested. Trajectories of the outcomes in both groups were graphically assessed. The participation rate after 6 years was 75.4%. No significant differences were found between groups in levels of SCORE2, FRS, clinical risk factors, anthropometrics, smoking, or diabetes—except for systolic blood pressure, which was lower in the original intervention group. Risk scores and systolic blood pressure increased in both groups in parallel, while LDL levels decreased and converged. The higher the baseline risk was, the stronger the decrease of…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a randomized trial, done in people. Its evidence level is 2 of 5 (High · randomized trial). Randomized trials of a reasonable size are the strongest single-study design. Reported size: 3,532 participants or records.
Read the paper
Related studies
- Tobacco and COPD: presenting the World Health Organization (WHO) Tobacco Knowledge Summary
- Comparative effects of e-cigarette smoking on periodontal status, salivary pH, and cotinine levels
- Association between exposure to environmental pollutants and increased oral health risks, a comprehensive review
- Influence of gestational window on offspring vascular health in rodents with in utero exposure to electronic cigarettes
- Natural products as kinase inhibitors in lung cancer: molecular mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and clinical trials
- Nicotine in electronic cigarettes
Go deeper in Evidence Hub
Evidence Hub adds a study data sheet (design, sample size, evidence level, key numbers), an AI summary and a chat grounded in the paper's text.