The effect of heated tobacco products on metabolic syndrome: A cohort study
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence concerning the health effects of using heated tobacco products is needed. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of conventional cigarettes (CCs), electronic vaping cigarettes (EVCs), and heated tobacco products (HTPs) on the development of metabolic syndrome. METHODS We conducted a cohort study in South Korea using data from the Korea Medical Institute. The study included 183870 people who visited the Korea Medical Institute, responded to a smoking status questionnaire in 2019, and were followed up in 2020 – ever and current use of CCs, EVCs, and HTPs. We defined the main outcome as incident metabolic syndrome among participants with at least two health checkups separated by a follow-up period of at least a year. RESULTS The association of using HTPs with risk for metabolic syndrome was estimated after controlling for age, sex, exercise, drinking history, and smoking regular cigarettes and using EVCs, with the Cox proportional hazards model. The risk of incident metabolic syndrome was increased by 68% (HR=1.68; 95% CI: 1.25–2.26) for current HTP users compared to never users. Among HTP users who did not currently smoke conventional cigarettes, the risk was doubled (HR=2.17; 95% CI: 1.31–3.62) when their smoking duration was ≥3 years. The risk of metabolic syndrome increased by 33% (HR=1.33; CI: 1.18–1.49) among HTP users who used them more than 16 times a day. The use of HTP was found to increase the risk of developing metabolic…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a cohort study, done in people. Its evidence level is 3 of 5 (Moderate · trial / cohort / secondary analysis). Trials without a large randomized design, cohorts and secondary analyses give moderate evidence. Reported size: 183,870 participants or records.
Read the paper
Related studies
- Tobacco and COPD: presenting the World Health Organization (WHO) Tobacco Knowledge Summary
- Comparative effects of e-cigarette smoking on periodontal status, salivary pH, and cotinine levels
- Association between exposure to environmental pollutants and increased oral health risks, a comprehensive review
- Influence of gestational window on offspring vascular health in rodents with in utero exposure to electronic cigarettes
- Natural products as kinase inhibitors in lung cancer: molecular mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and clinical trials
- Nicotine in electronic cigarettes
Go deeper in Evidence Hub
Evidence Hub adds a study data sheet (design, sample size, evidence level, key numbers), an AI summary and a chat grounded in the paper's text.