Association of active and passive smoking with noncommunicable diseases in a large health check-up population: A cross-sectional study in Changzhi, Shanxi province, China
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoke, encompassing both active smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, constitutes a leading modifiable risk factor for the global burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study aimed to examine the association of active smoking and SHS with the presence of NCDs among health check-up populations, and to explore the dose-response association according to daily cigarette consumption and smoking duration. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 38906 adults aged ≥18 years who were local residents undergoing physical examination in Changzhi, Shanxi Province from January to December 2025. Questionnaire interviews were used to capture the demographics, lifestyle habits, tobacco smoke status (active smoking, SHS exposure, daily cigarette consumption, and smoking duration), and clinically diagnosed NCDs. Multivariable logistic regression estimated the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with adjustment for potential confounders. In this study, a p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The overall prevalence of current smoking was 27.3% (51.3% in men, 0.3% in women), and 26.2% of participants had at least one NCD. After full adjustment, active smoking remained independently associated with increased odds of NCDs (AOR=1.26; 95% CI: 1.18–1.35). A modest dose-response gradient was observed for smoking duration: compared with <5 years, the AORs were 1.24 (95% CI: 1.08–1.43) for 5–14 years, 1.23…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a cross-sectional, done in people. Its evidence level is 4 of 5 (Low · observational). Observational designs can show an association but not prove cause. Reported size: 38,906 participants or records.
Read the paper
Related studies
- Tobacco and COPD: presenting the World Health Organization (WHO) Tobacco Knowledge Summary
- Comparative effects of e-cigarette smoking on periodontal status, salivary pH, and cotinine levels
- Association between exposure to environmental pollutants and increased oral health risks, a comprehensive review
- Influence of gestational window on offspring vascular health in rodents with in utero exposure to electronic cigarettes
- Natural products as kinase inhibitors in lung cancer: molecular mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and clinical trials
- Nicotine in electronic cigarettes
Go deeper in Evidence Hub
Evidence Hub adds a study data sheet (design, sample size, evidence level, key numbers), an AI summary and a chat grounded in the paper's text.