Impact of Passive and Active Smoking on Primary Dysmenorrhea Among Female University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Primary dysmenorrhea is common among young women and often associated with smoking as a modifiable risk factor. This study explores the relationship between smoking exposure and dysmenorrhea among female undergraduate students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 294 female students at a public university using a structured online questionnaire that assessed smoking exposure (active and passive), menstrual characteristics, dysmenorrhea severity, and socio-demographic data. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results: Passive smoking was reported by 42.9% and active smoking by 6.9% of participants. Students exposed to smoking (active or passive) reported a higher prevalence of dysmenorrhea and greater reliance on pain medication compared with non-exposed peers. Smoking exposure was significantly associated with age, marital status, and BMI. Dysmenorrhea had higher pain intensity and greater reliance on medication. Regular menstrual cycles were significantly associated with dysmenorrhea. Conclusion: This cross-sectional analysis indicates that passive smoking is associated with increased dysmenorrhea prevalence among female university students. The findings underscore the importance of campus-based smoking cessation and menstrual health education programs to reduce the burden of menstrual pain and improve student well-being
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a cross-sectional, done in people. Its evidence level is 4 of 5 (Low · observational). Observational designs can show an association but not prove cause.
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