Long‐Term Effectiveness of Tobacco Smoking Cessation Interventions in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Smoking is a major global health problem. It kills more than half of the users. At least 1.18 billion people smoked cigarettes every day as of 2020. Although many interventions for tobacco smoking cessation have been implemented, their effectiveness remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the long-term effectiveness of various smoking cessation interventions in adults. DESIGN: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials reporting long-term outcomes. METHODS: Evidence searches were conducted in the Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline-OVID, PubMed, Web of Science, and Clinicaltrials.gov. Two researchers searched until August 2023 without restrictions on country, language, or year of publication. The risk ratio (RR) for continuous abstinence was obtained through biochemical verification at measurements ≥ 6 months post-intervention. Data were extracted and assessed for quality using Risk of Bias 2. Meta-analysis was carried out using a random effects model. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were performed to explore moderator variables. Sensitivity and publication bias analyses were also performed. RESULTS: Twenty-two effect sizes from 13 studies showed that tobacco smoking cessation interventions increased continuous abstinence by 2.5 times (RR 3.52; 95% CI; 2.19-5.65). The highest ratio was in the behavioral intervention (RR 7.83) with more than 6 months of therapy (RR 10.57). The tobacco smoking cessation intervention…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a systematic review, done in people. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid. Reported size: 18 participants or records.
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