Impact of Smoke Exposure on Kidney Stone Formation: A Systematic Review
Abstract
Introduction. Nephrolithiasis, or kidney stone disease (KSD), involves crystal formation in the kidneys and may increase the risk of end-stage renal failure. More than 1 in 5 of the Indonesian population identifies as smokers. Smoking is known to be the culprit of multisystem disease and conditions. In the urologic field, smoking is thought to increase the risk of nephrolithasis; nonetheless, this association has not yet been extensively studied. This study aims to assess the association between smoking and nephrolithiasis. Methods. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and ResearchGate (October 10–12, 2024), including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies. Studies found were then underwent quantitative analysis using RevMan version 5.4. Results. Seven studies showed a significant association between smoking and nephrolithiasis; two found no link. Quantitative analysis from five studies showed that smoking exposure was associated with a significantly increased risk of nephrolithiasis (OR 2.36, 95% CI 1.18–4.73, p = 0,02, I2 = 98%). Conclusion. Smoke exposure is significantly linked to increased risk of nephrolithiasis. Keywords: kidney stones, nephrolithiasis, smoke, smoking
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