The impact of electronic cigarette smoking on periodontal status and proinflammatory cytokine levels: a cross-sectional study
Abstract
BACKGROUND: E-cigs(E-cigs) use is increasing worldwide. Recent studies suggest that E-cigs contain harmful elements that could lead to adverse oral health outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of E-cigs smoking on periodontal health among current male smokers in Al-Kharj city in Saudi Arabia by assessing periodontal parameters and proinflammatory cytokine levels. METHODS: Fifty-three male individuals (25 E-smokers and 28 non-smokers) participated in the study. This study compared periodontal parameters, including the plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and marginal bone loss (MBL), as well as levels of unstimulated whole saliva (UWS), interleukin IL-1B, and IL-6, between E-smokers and non-smokers. RESULTS: The E-cigs users consumed approximately 432.6 ± 425.22 puffs on average daily, with a nicotine content of approximately 45.2 ± 11.23 mg on average. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of BOP and PI. A statistically significant difference was detected in PPD and CAL (p 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that E-cigs smoking had a negative effect on periodontal status (especially PPD, CAL and MBL). These results may contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and tissue destruction. Efforts must be made to educate and create awareness among patients and the general community regarding the risks associated with E-cigs…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a cross-sectional, done in people. Its evidence level is 4 of 5 (Low · observational). Observational designs can show an association but not prove cause.
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