Innovative methodologies for the purification of polluted water
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals constitute a major class of Emerging Contaminants due to their extensive global consumption, intrinsic chemical stability, and limited removal in conventional wastewater treatment plants. Their persistence and bioactivity raise considerable environmental and toxicological issues, necessitating the development of efficient, scalable, and sustainable remediation strategies. This thesis first provides a systematic review of heterocyclic pharmaceuticals, synthesizing current knowledge on their sources, environmental occurrence and fate, physicochemical persistence, transformation pathways, and documented toxicological profiles, including neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenesis, and carcinogenicity. Examples of targeted experimental studies employing Advanced Oxidation Processes and adsorptive materials are also presented. The analysis identifies substantial gaps in the understanding of long-term ecological risks and highlights pressing limitations in existing remediation technologies. Sildenafil and tadalafil are heterocyclic pharmaceuticals used to treat erectile dysfunction that, in recent years, have gained considerable attention due to their widespread legal and illegal use, including increasing recreational consumption among young people. Their high stability and environmental persistence, together with the generation of potentially hazardous phototransformation products, pose risks to human health and ecosystems. Conventional wastewater treatment plants…
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