The Effect of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Extract on IL-6 Cytokine Levels in Pneumonia-Induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae on Rattus norvegicus
Abstract
Background: Pneumonia remains a leading cause of death from infectious diseases, often associated with elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6). Zingiber officinale var. rubrum (red ginger) contains bioactive compounds with potential anti-inflammatory effects. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of red ginger extract on IL-6 expression in the lung tissue of Wistar rats induced with Streptococcus pneumoniae, either as monotherapy or in combination with azithromycin. Methods: An experimental study was conducted using 30 male Wistar rats divided into five groups (n = 6 each): K1 (negative control), K2 (positive control), K3 (red ginger extract 400 mg/kgBW), K4 (azithromycin 11 mg/kgBW), and K5 (combination of red ginger extract and azithromycin). Pneumonia was induced intratracheally using a suspension of S. pneumoniae. Treatments were administered once daily for seven days. IL-6 expression in lung tissue was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and evaluated semi-quantitatively based on staining intensity and distribution. Results: The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference in IL-6 expression among groups (p < 0.05). Post hoc analysis revealed that K4 and K5 had significantly lower IL-6 expression than K2. No significant difference was found between K4 and K5, nor between K3 and K2, indicating that red ginger extract alone was not effective in significantly reducing IL-6 expression. Conclusion: Azithromycin, both alone and in…
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