Electrochemical Sensor Using ZnO-MWCNTs Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Simultaneous Detection of Isoniazid and Levofloxacin
Abstract
The ZnO-MWCNTs-CPE, a carbon paste electrode modified with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), has proven to be highly effective in the simultaneous electroanalysis of isoniazid (INH) and levofloxacin (LVF). The ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via a surfactant-assisted sol-gel method and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing an average particle diameter of 32.5 nm. The surface morphology of ZnO-MWCNTs-CPE was analyzed by SEM, while its electrochemical performance was evaluated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The ZnO-MWCNTs-CPE exhibited a significantly enhanced electrochemical response with well-defined and distinct oxidation peaks compared to the unmodified CPE. Under optimal conditions, the DPV measurements showed a linear working range of 6.25 × 10⁻⁸ M to 3.66 × 10⁻⁴ M for INH and 8.39 × 10⁻⁸ M to 7.41 × 10⁻⁴ M for LVF, with detection limits of 2.18 nM and 2.89 nM, respectively. This electrochemical sensor demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity for simultaneously determining INH and LVF in pharmaceutical formulations, blood, and urine samples.
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