Nanoformulation of cerium oxide nanoparticles using pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) for the management of type 2 diabetes
Abstract
Abstract Background and aim : Persistent inflammation and hyperglycemia drive insulin resistance and oxidative stress in Type 2 diabetes. Cerium oxide nanoparticles conjugated with pink pepper (ST-CeriaNP) were developed and administered to diabetic mice, aiming to boost antioxidant defenses and regulate inflammatory pathways for improved outcomes. Experimental procedure: The nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized using multiple spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Experimental diabetes was induced in male C57BL/6J mice with streptozotocin, and fasting blood glucose was tracked before and after four weeks of treatment with ST extract, cerium nanoparticles, their combination, or Metformin. Disease progression and treatment efficacy were assessed through both invasive (blood glucose, GTT, ITT) and non-invasive (urination, body weight, intake patterns) measures, ensuring a comprehensive evaluation of physiological changes and therapeutic outcomes. Results ST-CeriaNP markedly attenuates hyperglycemia, reduces oxidative stress, restores antioxidant defenses, lowers lipid peroxidation, and improves insulin resistance through anti-inflammatory mechanisms. the combination of nano-cerium with S. terebinthifolius exhibited superior efficacy compared to individual administration, effectively mitigating type 2 diabetes. The integrated evaluation confirmed that ST/Ceria NP treatment was the most effective in alleviating diabetic symptoms, delivering synergistic benefits beyond…
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