Spin-Based Quantum Energy Devices: From Quantum Thermal Machines to Quantum Batteries
Abstract
The progressive miniaturization of devices devoted to energy manipulation and storage calls for extending thermodynamic concepts towards regimes where quantum effects become unavoidable. In this context, quantum thermodynamics provides the proper framework for understanding and exploiting non-classical effects for energy applications. Within this framework, we present a comprehensive review of the role played by spin systems as versatile platforms for quantum energy technologies, focusing on their dual role as Quantum Thermal Machines and Quantum Batteries. We discuss how the combination of discrete spectra, engineered interactions and long coherence times enables the realization of high-performance quantum devices. We then highlight how genuinely quantum features can be exploited to achieve performance beyond classical limits. Beyond theoretical developments, we review the rapid experimental progress across leading spin platforms, including nuclear magnetic resonance systems, trapped ions, nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond and superconducting circuits, which are bringing quantum energy devices from conceptual proposals to actual realizations. By presenting a unified spin-based framework that integrates energy conversion and storage, this review outlines the foundations of the emerging field of quantum energy and identifies key challenges and future directions for scalable quantum energy technologies.
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