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Evaluating the VOCORDER device for early disease detection through breath analysis: study protocol for a two-phase clinical study

Kontopidou F, Swift SJ, Kokkotis C, Moustakidis S, Kavouras I, Vidaki AN, Brebou S, Zavvos V et al.

BMJ open, 2026

175 participants

Abstract

Introduction: The survival rate of patients with life-threatening diseases primarily depends on the speed of diagnosis. Too often, diseases are detected only after symptoms appear, which usually occurs at later stages of a disease when available treatments may be less effective. Current detection techniques primarily depend on identifying metabolites in biofluids such as blood and urine. The analysis of these fluids is typically performed in laboratories, resulting in lengthy waiting times for patients to receive their results. In severe cases, invasive biopsies and radiative methods are used to diagnose conditions such as cancer. These biopsies can cause distress for patients who are already experiencing significant emotional or physical stress, while imaging techniques involving ionising radiation may pose additional health risks. Additionally, these methods can be costly. In recent years, exhaled breath has become a biofluid matrix of interest for disease detection, allowing for the identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or VOC profiles associated with specific conditions. To improve early disease detection through breath analysis, the VOCORDER project aims to develop a device that provides a fast, simple, user-friendly and cost-effective method for continuous health monitoring to identify diseases in their early stages before symptoms appear.

Methods and analyses: A literature review was initially conducted to identify five reference diseases of interest…

How strong is the evidence?

Evidence Hub reads this as a clinical trial, done in people. Its evidence level is 3 of 5 (Moderate · trial / cohort / secondary analysis). Trials without a large randomized design, cohorts and secondary analyses give moderate evidence. Reported size: 175 participants or records.

How the five levels of evidence work. The level is assigned automatically from the abstract and can be wrong, so check the paper.

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