Electron-Mediated Contrast Mechanisms in Biomedical Imaging: A Narrative Review and the Implication for Emerging Techniques
Abstract
Electron behaviors-including how electrons interact with energy, matter, and magnetic fields-form the foundation of many biomedical imaging modalities, including X-ray imaging, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), optical imaging, electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). These interactions allow visualization of internal structures, molecular processes, tissue composition, oxygenation, redox biology, and high-resolution cellular or surface features. This narrative review provides an overview of key electron-associated mechanisms and their applications in biomedical imaging. Advanced MRI methods, including magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chemical exchange saturation transfer, relayed nuclear Overhauser effect imaging, dynamic nuclear polarization, and hyperpolarized 13C MRI, are highlighted as examples of molecular and metabolic imaging. By comparing modalities across contrast mechanism, spatial and temporal scale, penetration depth, sensitivity, clinical utility, and technological maturity, this review provides a framework for understanding established imaging approaches and contextualizing emerging biomedical imaging technologies.
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