Ti3C2Tx MXene Nanosheets: Bridging High-Performance Energy Storage and Comprehensive In Vivo Biocompatibility Assessment
Abstract
Owing to advancements in implantable bioelectronic devices, there has been an increase in demand for biocompatible energy sources with long-term electrochemical and mechanical stability. In this study, we present the fabrication of a flexible asymmetric supercapacitor (MXene//AC) based on two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets. The supercapacitor demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance with an areal capacitance of 66.43 mF cm-2, energy density of 13.2 Wh kg-1, and a high power density of 2300 W kg-1. The supercapacitor retained 95% capacitance after 5000 charge-discharge cycles and displayed negligible performance degradation under various bending angles, highlighting its mechanical suitability for wearable electronics. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis revealed that the metallic Ti-C backbone of Ti3C2Tx MXene and its O/F terminations work synergistically to enable rapid electron transport and reversible proton-coupled surface redox, supporting predominantly surface-controlled charge storage with a significant pseudocapacitive contribution. To complement device-level studies, we assessed the in vivo safety profile and antioxidant potential of Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats through acute dermal, subchronic oral, and subchronic intraperitoneal toxicity evaluations. Acute dermal exposure up to 100 mg kg-1 caused mild skin responses without necrosis, while subchronic administration for 28 days revealed no considerable abnormalities in…
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