Animal models of tongue squamous cell carcinoma: a scoping review of preclinical evidence and clinical relevance
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) presents unique clinical challenges characterized by intricate lingual musculature, early perineural invasion, and a high propensity for occult cervical lymph node metastasis. Despite significant therapeutic advancements, the attrition rate for novel pharmacological agents remains high, largely attributed to the disconnect between preclinical models and clinical reality. Adhering to PRISMA-ScR guidelines, this study aims to systematically map recent advancements in preclinical TSCC models and evaluate their biological fidelity to provide a strategic framework for optimal model selection. Content A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies published from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2024. Following the screening of 1,063 records by two reviewers, 183 studies were selected for data extraction. Four major model categories were identified: (1) Chemical induction models (n=25), primarily using 4NQO, serving as the standard for chemoprevention but limited in metastatic potential; (2) Orthotopic transplantation (n=147), which best recapitulates neurovascular interactions and lymph node metastasis; (3) Genetically engineered mouse models (n=6) for dissecting molecular drivers; and (4) Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) or organoids (n=5) acting as avatars for personalized screening. Summary The review highlights that no single model captures the multifaceted biology of TSCC. While…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a review, done in animal, not in people. Its evidence level is 5 of 5 (Very low · case / narrative / animal / in vitro / in silico). Case reports, narrative reviews, and animal, cell or computer-model studies give the weakest evidence for human health. Reported size: 147 participants or records.
Read the paper
Related studies
- Chaos and quantum thermalization
- The Dalton quantum chemistry program system
- Cord Blood Leptin and Adiponectin as Predictors of Adiposity in Children at 3 Years of Age: A Prospective Cohort Study
- Quantitative metabolomics by H-NMR and LC-MS/MS confirms altered metabolic pathways in diabetes
- Stable adiabatic quantum batteries
- A novel self-lipid antigen targets human T cells against CD1c(+) leukemias
Go deeper in Evidence Hub
Evidence Hub adds a study data sheet (design, sample size, evidence level, key numbers), an AI summary and a chat grounded in the paper's text.