Lytic bacteriophages against Salmonella Typhi as a potential alternative to antibiotics
Abstract
Introduction: Enteric fever, being endemic with seasonal peaks in low- and middle-income countries, is a major health concern. Moreover, the rise in antibiotic resistance has exacerbated the situation. This study was undertaken to investigate the lytic bacteriophages against Salmonella Typhi with a potential for phage therapy.
Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2023 to March 2024. Blood cultures were processed by the BACTEC automated culture system following standard microbiological techniques to isolate typhoidal Salmonella . Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Lytic bacteriophages isolated by the double-layer agar method were assessed for their host range and lytic ability with spot and turbidimetric assays.
Results: Of the total 1054 blood specimens, 35 (3.2%) were positive for S. Typhi . All the isolates were susceptible to first-line antibiotics—ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole. The isolates were also sensitive to nalidixic acid (80%) as well as fluoroquinolones; ciprofloxacin (62.86%), levofloxacin (77.14%), and ofloxacin (80%). Fifteen lytic phages were isolated against S. Typhi Ty2 and CT18 strains. Four phages—vB_SaTy_ST2, vB_SaTy_ST7, vB_SaTy_ST17, and vB_SaTy_ST18—lysed all 35 clinical S. Typhi isolates. While vB_SaTy_ST17 and vB_SaTy_ST18 also lysed 7 out of 20 S. Paratyphi A isolates. Three phages (vB_SaTy_ST2, vB_SaTy_ST7, vB_SaTy_ST17) were…
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Evidence Hub reads this as a cross-sectional. Its evidence level is 4 of 5 (Low · observational). Observational designs can show an association but not prove cause.
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