Ketone supplementation dose-dependently lowers postprandial blood glucose, lipid and ghrelin levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover study
Abstract
Aims/hypothesis: Postprandial hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia are independent risk factors for CVD in individuals with type 2 diabetes. We aimed to test whether a ketone monoester (KE) and ketone salts (KS) reduce postprandial glucose and lipid excursions in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In two randomised, participant-blind crossover studies we investigated individuals with type 2 diabetes treated with either metformin monotherapy or a lifestyle intervention alone. In study 1, 14 participants received 30 g of KE, KS or placebo 30 min before a mixed meal test on three separate occasions. The primary outcome was the incremental AUC (iAUC) for glucose. In study 2, ten participants were investigated on six separate occasions, consuming various doses (0 g, 10 g, 20 g and 40 g) of KE 30 min, 60 min or immediately before an OGTT. Both studies were conducted at Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark, with the primary investigator randomly assigning the intervention order.
Results: We found that the iAUC for glucose decreased by 36% (95% CI 14, 57) with KE and 22% (95% CI 1, 44) with KS compared with placebo. Both ketone supplements lowered postprandial NEFA and ghrelin concentrations, and KE reduced triglycerides (n=14). Furthermore, KE dose-dependently lowered the iAUC of glucose, with the strongest effect when ingested 30 min or 60 min before the OGTT (n=10). No serious adverse events occurred; however, transient mild gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea and…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a randomized trial, done in people. Its evidence level is 3 of 5 (Moderate · trial / cohort / secondary analysis). Trials without a large randomized design, cohorts and secondary analyses give moderate evidence. Reported size: 14 participants or records.
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