Designing Bio-Inspired Composite Materials for Medical Applications
Abstract
IntroductionComposite materials are multi-phased combinations of two or several components, which acquire new characteristic properties that the individual constituents, by themselves, cannot obtain.A composite material typically consists of a certain matrix containing one or more fillers which can be made up of particles, sheets or fibers.When at least one of these phases has dimensions less than 100 nm, the material is named a nanocomposite and offers in addition a higher surface to volume ratio.There are natural composite materials, like wood and plant leaves, in the vegetal kingdom and bird feathers, silky threads spun by the spider and shells, in the animal kingdom.Also, connective tissues from animal and human body are natural composite materials due to their composition and structure.Connective tissues are the major supporting tissues of the body.They are named after their main function, i.e. packing and binding other structures together, and also providing a framework for the body.Connective tissues are generally soft tissues (e.g., skin, cartilage, cornea, etc), excepting bone which is a dense connective tissue.Similar to other natural composite materials, bone consists of an organic part that forms the matrix and an inorganic part representing the filler.Bone matrix is a framework mainly composed of collagen fibers which together with small quantities of other non-collagenous proteins, proteoglycans, lipids, peptides and water form a hydrogel (~ 30 % from bone dry…
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