Ecotoxicological evaluation of Rhodamine B and reactive blue QR-19 before and after heterogeneous photocatalysis with P10u/Bentonite/Nb₂O₅ system
Abstract
Textile sector effluents represent one of the primary sources of aquatic pollution due to their high organic load, intense coloration, and presence of recalcitrant compounds, such as synthetic dyes, notably Rhodamine B (RhB) and Reactive Blue QR-19 (QR- 19), which are widely used and resistant to degradation by conventional methods. In this context, heterogeneous photocatalysis using a bentonite/niobium pentoxide (Nb₂O₅) catalyst supported on rigid polyurethane foam emerges as a promising alternative for treating textile effluents. The present study aimed to evaluate the ecotoxicity of these dyes before and after photocatalytic treatment, employing test organisms from different trophic levels: Daphnia magna, Lactuca sativa, and Allium cepa. The assays assessed acute toxicity, phytotoxicity, and cytogenotoxicity, respectively. For Rhodamine B, assays with D. magna indicated that photocatalytic treatment did not reduce acute toxicity, with the same response level maintained before and after the process. In L. sativa, the crude sample caused inhibition of germination and root growth, with complete elimination of phytotoxicity following photocatalytic treatment. In A. cepa, no cytotoxicity was detected under any of the evaluated conditions; however, a slight increase in chromosomal alteration and mutagenicity indices was observed after treatment, possibly associated with the formation of intermediate by-products. For Reactive Blue QR-19, assays with D. magna indicated low acute…
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