Development of surface plasmon resonance sensor based on graphene quantum dots and cellulose-based biopolymers for phenol detection
Abstract
The extensive discharge of phenol into aquatic environments from industrial sectors has led to adverse effects on living organisms due to its high toxicity. Hence, various detection methods have been developed, with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) standing out for its label-free analysis and real-time detection. However, this sensor struggles with poor sensitivity to low concentrations of target analytes. In this regard, SPR sensor has been integrated with graphene quantum dots (GQDs), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), NaCMC-GQDs, and NCC-GQDs thin films for phenol detection, for the first time. The structural properties of the NaCMC-GQDs and NCC-GQDs thin films, determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, confirmed the presence of O–H, C–H, C=O, and C=C stretching, as well as C–H bending, with an additional C–O stretching peak for NaCMC-GQDs, and showed that the surfaces of the thin films were covered with NaCMC and NCC, respectively. Moreover, the optical properties, examined using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, revealed energy band gap values of 4.088 eV and 4.094 eV for the NaCMC-GQDs and NCC-GQDs thin films, respectively. The sensing performance of the thin films coated with sensing materials (GQDs, NaCMC, NCC, NaCMC-GQDs, and NCC-GQDs) for phenol detection was analyzed using the SPR sensor. Limits of detection (LOD) of 0.1 μM for GQDs, 0.01 fM for NaCMC and NCC, and 0.001 fM for…
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