Impact of Semaglutide, Liraglutide and Tirzepatide on Cardiometabolic Outcomes: A Comparative Narrative Review
Abstract
Background: Cardiometabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain major global health challenges. Incretin-based therapies, including the GLP-1 receptor agonists semaglutide and liraglutide, and the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide, are increasingly used to address hyperglycaemia and obesity, and have been evaluated for both cardiometabolic risk markers and selected cardiovascular and renal outcomes.
Objective: This review summarizes and contrasts the pharmacology of semaglutide, liraglutide and tirzepatide, distinguishing between surrogate cardiometabolic risk markers (e.g., glycaemic control, body weight and lipid parameters) and confirmed clinical outcomes, including major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and renal endpoints.
Methods: Recent data were synthesized from pivotal randomized clinical trial programs, SUSTAIN and PIONEER (semaglutide), LEADER (liraglutide) and SURPASS and SURMOUNT (tirzepatide), as well as meta-analyses, post hoc analyses and observational studies addressing mechanistic and long-term cardiometabolic outcomes.
Results: All three agents improved HbA1c, weight and cardiometabolic outcomes, with tirzepatide generally showing greater reductions across clinical trials. Semaglutide and liraglutide consistently improved BMI, lipid profile and cardiovascular risk, while tirzepatide shows promise pending CVOT data. Renal outcomes were favourable across the class, though results…
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