Betanin Modulates the Leptin-Adiponectin Axis and Improves Glycemic Control in a High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes
Abstract
Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and chronic low-grade inflammation, accompanied by adipose tissue dysfunction and altered adipokine secretion. Elevated leptin and reduced adiponectin levels contribute significantly to metabolic deterioration and insulin resistance. Current antidiabetic therapies primarily target glycemic control but inadequately address underlying inflammatory and oxidative mechanisms. Betanin, a natural betalain pigment derived from beetroot, possesses potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and has shown metabolic benefits in experimental studies. The present study evaluated the effects of betanin on glycemic status and adipokine regulation in a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat model of T2DM. Methodology Thirty-six adult male Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 6): normal control, diabetic control, betanin (10 mg/kg), betanin (20 mg/kg), metformin (100 mg/kg), and metformin plus betanin. Type 2 diabetes was induced by HFD feeding followed by STZ (40 mg/kg). Treatments were administered orally for 28 days. Body weight, fasting blood glucose, and serum leptin and adiponectin levels were assessed. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Results HFD-STZ induction produced significant hyperglycemia, body weight loss, hyperleptinemia, and reduced adiponectin levels compared to normal controls (p < 0.001).…
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