6G-Enabled Quantum-Energy-Aware Multi-Agent Multi-Modal Scheme for Underwater Acoustic–RF Networks
Abstract
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) with limited deployment constraints are critical for emergency response, marine monitoring, and mission-centric operations. UASNs communications are severely constrained by high propagation delay, limited bandwidth, and energy scarcity. This paper proposes a 6G-Enabled Quantum-Aware Energy-Efficient Cooperation (6G-QAEEC) multi-agent underwater acoustic-radio frequency (RF) network framework for reliable multimodal underwater communication. The proposed architecture enables cooperative intelligence among submerged sensor nodes, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) relays, and 6G-enabled surface/Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) gateways. A Nearest Node Verification (NNV) discovery protocol is introduced to prune unstable links during route formation, reducing redundant flooding and improving routing stability. To further enhance network efficiency, three cooperation mechanisms are developed: adaptive relay rotation with signal amplification, duty-cycled neighbor re-verification, and opportunistic optical burst communication for local high-rate exchanges. Quantum-aware optimization at the 6G edge accelerates routing and resource scheduling decisions under dynamic channel conditions. Simulation results show that the proposed framework improves packet delivery ratio, reduces energy consumption per bit, lowers routing overhead, and decreases end-to-end delay compared with baseline schemes. Overall, the proposed multi-agent multimodal…
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