Quantum Machine Learning for Phishing Detection: A Systematic Review of Current Techniques, Challenges, and Future Directions
Abstract
Phishing remains a major cybersecurity threat, yet the application of quantum machine learning (QML) to phishing detection is still at an early stage. This study presents a systematic literature review aimed at providing a concise overview of existing QML-based approaches for phishing detection, identifying methodological trends, limitations, and future research directions. A PRISMA-guided review protocol was applied to peer-reviewed journal and conference articles published between 2021 and 2025, retrieved from major scientific databases. Eligible studies were analyzed in terms of QML models, feature encoding strategies, experimental settings, evaluation metrics, and study quality using an adapted Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. The results indicate that current research is limited in volume and largely focuses on hybrid quantum–classical models, particularly quantum support vector machines and variational quantum classifiers. Reported performance is highly dependent on encoding methods, circuit depth, and simulator-based experimentation, with few studies evaluating real quantum hardware. Common challenges include small datasets, lack of external validation, hardware noise, scalability constraints, and the absence of standardized benchmarks. Overall, the review suggests that QML for phishing detection remains exploratory and is not yet competitive with mature classical approaches, but it holds potential as an experimental research direction, provided that future studies address…
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Evidence Hub reads this as a systematic review, done in computer models (in silico), not in people. Its evidence level is 5 of 5 (Very low · case / narrative / animal / in vitro / in silico). Case reports, narrative reviews, and animal, cell or computer-model studies give the weakest evidence for human health.
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