Entropy and Efficiency: A Narrative Review of Thermodynamics in Complex Systems
Abstract
Thermodynamics in open and complex systems is an increasingly relevant field, offering valuable insights into energy flow, entropy, and sustainability. This study aims to explore how thermodynamic principles apply in non-equilibrium and dynamic environments, where classical assumptions often fall short. Using a structured narrative review approach, the research collected peer-reviewed literature from Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, employing keyword-based Boolean searches focused on "thermodynamics," "open systems," and "entropy." Studies were selected based on rigorous inclusion criteria emphasizing methodological transparency and empirical relevance. The findings reveal that classical thermodynamics remains a useful foundation but requires significant extension to address non-linear behaviors and adaptive system dynamics. Notable studies have demonstrated that entropy in complex systems can drive organization, contradicting traditional interpretations. The review also identified major barriers to implementation, such as bureaucratic rigidity, fragmented policies, and a lack of public energy literacy. These systemic obstacles hinder the adoption of efficient energy technologies, particularly in developing regions. Proposed solutions include policy reform, interdisciplinary collaboration, and data-driven energy management tools. ICT integration and predictive modeling are highlighted as powerful enablers for translating theory into practice. This review underscores the…
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