Life Cycle Assessment practices for PV technologies: systematic literature review
Abstract
In response to the growing importance of sustainability in solar energy development, this study addresses critical gaps in the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to photovoltaic (PV) technologies. A systematic review of 48 recent LCA studies across first-, second-, and third-generation PV systems was conducted to evaluate current practices, identify methodological inconsistencies, and highlight emerging trends. Despite increasing research interest and technological diversification, substantial variability exists in the definition of functional units, system boundaries, and impact categories, which hinders comparability and reproducibility. The widespread reliance on secondary databases and the limited use of primary, site-specific data further constrains the accuracy of environmental impact assessments. Additionally, the underutilization of Life Cycle Costing (LCC) and inconsistent application of sensitivity analyses reveal significant gaps in comprehensive sustainability evaluation. To advance the field, this study proposes standardization of LCA methodologies, improved data transparency, and expansion of impact categories beyond global warming potential to include toxicity and resource depletion. These measures are essential for enhancing the robustness, reliability, and policy relevance of PV LCA studies, thereby supporting sustainable innovation and deployment in the solar energy sector.
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