The Spiral Motion Model of the Photon: Spacetime Quantum, Energy Quantum, and the Origin of Mass
Abstract
This model reveals the origin of mass of elementary particles, showing that the rest mass of stable elementary particles such as the electron and proton originates from the binding energy of self-sustaining bound electromagnetic structures formed by condensed photons, without requiring the Higgs mechanism. This paper further proposes a structural conjecture for the electron and proton: the electron is a hollow spherical shell with internal photon momentum direction inward, the proton is a solid structure with internal photon momentum direction outward, and particle-antiparticle annihilation is the cancellation process of identical structures with precisely opposite momentum directions. This model provides a unified explanation of interference, diffraction, polarization, the photoelectric effect, and other optical phenomena, and gives an angular momentum prediction that differs from standard quantum mechanics: angular momentum is proportional to frequency, rather than being a constant ℏ.
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