Comparative Evaluation of AES, Camellia, and CLEFIA for Lightweight Environments: A Post-2023 Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
The rapid proliferation of resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices, embedded sensors, and edge computing platforms has intensified the demand for cryptographic primitives that strike a balance between security and stringent hardware and energy constraints. This paper presents a post-2023 systematic literature review and meta-analysis of three standardized block ciphers: the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Camellia, and CLEFIA, with a focus on their adaptation to lightweight environments. Drawing on Scopus-indexed research from 2021–2024, we evaluate architectural innovations, hardware/software optimizations, side-channel countermeasures, and quantum-resilience considerations. Our analysis demonstrates that while AES dominates in hardware-accelerated and certification-driven environments, CLEFIA is most efficient in ultra-constrained hardware, and Camellia provides a balanced solution for mid-range systems. Recent developments, including RISC-V cryptographic extensions and machine learning-assisted cryptanalysis, have reshaped performance and security expectations. Based on these findings, we propose a decision framework for cipher selection tailored to specific resource, energy, and certification constraints.
Keywords: Proof Construction, Procedural Fluency, Undergraduate Mathematics Majors,
APOS Theory, Scaffolded Instruction.
Journal Reference Format:
Ojeniyi, J.A., Fasola, O.O., Onyeabor, G.A., Abdulsalam, A., Emmanuel, I.O., Baba, S.U. & Jiya, J.B.…
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