Mechanistic Insights into Pharmaceutical Adsorption by Metal-Organic Frameworks under Multi-Condition Environments
Abstract
Abstract Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising pharmaceutical adsorbents owing to their high porosity, tunable chemistry, and accessible metal sites. Here, copper-trimesate (Cu-BTC/HKUST-1) and iron-trimesate (MIL-100(Fe)) were synthesised by room-temperature co-precipitation and characterised using FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDS, DLS, and zeta-potential analysis. Entrapment efficiency (EE%) of ibuprofen (IBU), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and paracetamol (PARA) was evaluated at MOF concentrations of 0–100 µg mL⁻¹ in anhydrous acetonitrile, pH 5.0, and pH 7.0 buffers for 24 h at 37°C. Adsorption behaviour was assessed using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order (PSO), Weber-Morris intraparticle diffusion, and Langmuir models. In acetonitrile, both MOFs achieved ≥ 97% EE for all drugs at ≥ 25 µg mL⁻¹, with PSO showing the best fit (R² = 0.985–1.000), indicating chemisorption. Langmuir analysis showed the capacity order CIP > IBU > PARA. Under aqueous conditions, adsorption was strongly pH-dependent: IBU showed maximum EE at pH 7.0, CIP maintained 81–83% saturation, and PARA exhibited a pH-independent anti-Langmuir response. MIL-100(Fe) showed superior CIP stability, whereas Cu-BTC enabled faster IBU adsorption. HPLC-DAD spike-recovery analysis in river water confirmed field-relevant applicability, with 90–95% recoveries and RSD
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