Associations Between Multimorbidity, Polypharmacy and Oral Conditions in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the relationship between multimorbidity and polypharmacy on the oral health in older adults (aged 75 years or older). The PECO focus question set for this study was, 'What is the occurrence, association and impact of multimorbidity and polypharmacy on the oral conditions and its management in older adults?'.
Methods: Electronic searches of MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, and the Cochrane Library were conducted using the PECO (Population Exposure Comparison Outcome) framework. About 3433 studies published until April of 2025 were screened. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. All eligible studies were descriptively analysed; studies that provided sufficient information were meta-analysed.
Results: Twenty-three studies [21 cross-sectional and 2 cohort studies] were included. Polypharmacy showed a significant association with dry mouth, as demonstrated by the pooled analysis (OR = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.31-3.22), along with consistent findings linking a higher number of medications to dry mouth and hyposalivation. Poor oral health assessment tool (OHAT) scores were also consistently associated with polypharmacy. In contrast, findings regarding multimorbidity/comorbidity were not consistently associated with dry mouth or with poor OHAT scores. Both exposures showed inconsistent associations with number of teeth, edentulism, and oral function. Quality assessment indicated that the included studies were…
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