Fentanyl or esketamine for traumatic pain (FORE-PAIN) trial: study protocol for a double-blind multi-arm randomized non-inferiority trial
Abstract
Background: Although fentanyl and esketamine, administered intravenously (IV) or intranasally (IN), are standard of care for treatment of acute traumatic pain in the prehospital setting in the Netherlands, comparative evidence regarding their efficacy and safety is lacking. Therefore, this study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of fentanyl IN, esketamine IV and esketamine IN as compared to fentanyl IV for management of acute traumatic pain in the prehospital setting.
Methods: This is a double-blind, monocenter, multi-arm, randomized non-inferiority trial in the prehospital setting in the Netherlands. Adult subjects receiving emergency care from Emergency Medical Services Ambulance Amsterdam and suffering from acute severe traumatic pain are randomized in an 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive fentanyl IV (1.0 µg/kg), fentanyl IN (1.25 µg/kg), esketamine IV (0.2 mg/kg), or esketamine IN (0.625 mg/kg). The primary endpoint is the reduction in Numeric Rating Scale (NRS, 0-10) score at 10 min after first administration of study medication. The prespecified non-inferiority margin is 1.0 for the between-group absolute difference in primary outcome. The primary endpoint is analyzed according to the intention-to-treat and per-protocol principles conforming to recommendations for non-inferiority analysis. Other endpoints include reduction in NRS score at other timepoints, need for additional analgesia, patient satisfaction, and adverse events.
Discussion: This trial is one of few…
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Evidence Hub reads this as a randomized trial, done in people. Its evidence level is 2 of 5 (High · randomized trial). Randomized trials of a reasonable size are the strongest single-study design.
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