Sensitive Electrochemical and Thermal Detection of Human Noroviruses Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles Generated against a Viral Target
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Norovirus (NoV) is the predominant cause of foodborne illness globally; current detection methods are typically expensive, have inadequate sensitivities, and utilize biological receptors with poor stability. Therefore, accurate, cost-effective, and highly stable detection methods are needed to screen for NoV in foods. We developed molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) to detect NoV using a small target epitope (12 amino acids) with a solid-phase synthesis approach. The performance of three batches of nanoMIPs with varying monomer compositions (nanoMIP-1, -2, and -3) were compared both experimentally and computationally. Surface plasmon resonance examined nanoMIP binding affinity to norovirus virus-like particles (NoV-LPs), whereby nanoMIP-1 had the lowest K D value of 0.512 μM. This is significant, as traditional targets for generation of norovirus ligands previously reported were generated against drastically larger norovirus capsid segments that have limitations in ease of production. Further, an electrochemical sensor was developed by covalently attaching the nanoMIPs to glassy carbon electrodes. In agreement with our predictions from density functional theory simulations, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed a sensitive response toward NoV-LPs for nanoMIP batches tested; however, nanoMIP-1 was optimal, with an excellent detection limit of 3.4 pg/mL (1.9 × 10 5 particles/mL). Due to its…
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