Effect of probiotic-derived metabolites on hormonal and metabolic profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine-metabolic disorder linked to insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), indoles, and bile acids, influence endocrine and metabolic pathways. Yet, no systematic review has specifically examined metabolite-targeted interventions in PCOS.
Objective: To assess the effects of probiotic-derived metabolite interventions on hormonal and metabolic outcomes in women with PCOS.
Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 and a PROSPERO-registered protocol (CRD42025543210), we searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, and two Chinese databases to May 2025 without language restrictions. Eligible studies were randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials ≥8 weeks. Two reviewers independently screened, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias (RoB 2). Pooled analyses used random-effects models, and evidence certainty was appraised with GRADE.
Results: Seventeen trials (n = 1, 214 women) were included, testing synbiotics (6), probiotics (7), sodium butyrate (2), Akkermansia muciniphila (1), and an SCFA blend (1). Interventions significantly reduced total testosterone (MD -0.19 ng/mL, 95% CI -0.30 to -0.08), LH/FSH ratio (SMD -0.46; 95% CI -0.66 to -0.26), fasting insulin (MD -2.4 µIU/mL; 95% CI -3.9 to -0.9), and HOMA-IR (MD -0.49; 95% CI -0.78 to -0.19). HDL-C increased modestly (MD + 3.2 mg/dL; 95% CI + 0.7 to +5.6). Evidence…
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Evidence Hub reads this as a meta-analysis, done in people. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid.
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